This verse is part of the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3:23-38. It lists ancestors of Jesus, tracing his lineage back to Adam. In this specific snippet, Luke is tracing Jesus' ancestry through his mother's side, specifically through Mary.

Here's what the verse means:

"The son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai," This simply lists five generations in Jesus' lineage. It means that:
Mattathias was the father of Amos.
Amos was the father of Nahum.
Nahum was the father of Esli.
Esli was the father of Naggai.
Naggai was the father of another ancestor of Jesus in this list.

Significance:

Establishing Jesus' Identity: Genealogies were important in Jewish culture for establishing identity and lineage, particularly in relation to claims of messianic descent.
Connecting Jesus to Humanity: Luke's genealogy is significant because it traces Jesus' lineage all the way back to Adam, emphasizing his connection to all of humanity.
Possible Connection to the Davidic Line: While Matthew's Gospel focuses on Joseph's line to establish Jesus' legal right to the throne of David, Luke's genealogy is often interpreted as tracing Mary's lineage. Some scholars believe that Mary was also a descendant of David, which would further solidify Jesus' claim to the throne. The exact details of Mary's lineage and its relationship to David are not explicitly stated in the Bible and are subject to ongoing scholarly discussion.
Theological Purpose: Luke's Gospel is written for a Gentile audience, so by tracing Jesus' ancestry back to Adam, Luke is showing that Jesus is the savior of all people, not just the Jews.

In summary, the verse is a simple statement of ancestry, but within the broader context of Luke's Gospel, it plays a vital role in establishing Jesus' identity, connecting him to humanity, and fulfilling the prophecies of the Messiah.