Genesis 10 is known as the "Table of Nations," a genealogical account of the descendants of Noah's sons (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) after the Flood. It's meant to show the origin and dispersal of different peoples and nations throughout the ancient world.

In this specific verse, Genesis 10:23, "The sons of Aram were: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash," it means:

Aram was a descendant of Noah, specifically a son of Shem (Genesis 10:22). Aram is considered the ancestor of the Arameans, who inhabited a region encompassing modern-day Syria, parts of Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. This is sometimes also referred to as the area of "Aram-Naharaim".
"The sons of Aram" refers to the descendants (children, grandsons, etc.) attributed to Aram. In ancient Near Eastern genealogies, "sons" often represents descendants more broadly, not just immediate offspring.
Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash are listed as the names of Aram's descendants, thus the ancestral figures for specific Aramean people groups or territories. It's difficult to definitively identify each of these with particular locations or tribes with certainty, as the ancient world's demographics and names evolved over time. However, scholars have proposed some potential connections:

Uz: Mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, notably as the homeland of Job. It's often associated with a region east of Israel, perhaps in northern Arabia or Edom.
Hul: Less certain, but some have linked it to a region near Lake Huleh in northern Israel.
Gether: Difficult to trace.
Mash: Sometimes linked to the Mons Masius region in southeastern Turkey.

In essence, this verse identifies key ancestor figures within the Aramean lineage, contributing to the broader picture of how different peoples were believed to be related after the Flood according to the worldview presented in Genesis. It's an ethnological statement more than a purely biological one, describing the perceived origins of various nations and ethnic groups known to the ancient Israelites.